07 September 2018

The Market




A meeting of people for selling and buying.

Trading allows one specialty to be exchanged for another specialty. Each specialty has its own nuances and learning curves to overcome. Nobody can cover all the required specialties of life, hence the need for trade. Specialties develop economic efficiencies, which saves work, time, and resources. Money facilitates the trade of specialties.

The intrinsic value of each form of money is comparative to the intrinsic values of all other forms of money. All factors affecting the valuation of each and all forms of money are inclusive in the Market. The Market checks and balances the valuation of each form of money in relation to everything that is valued. The valuation process is comparative, variable, corrective, and ongoing in the Market.

The relational complexity of the Market is analogous to the complexity of the weather system. Modern weather forecasting is still limited in accuracy to less than a week. In fact, weather and climate can significantly alter Market valuations by drought, hurricanes, rising seas, etc. and is therefore a significant component of the Market. The complexity of the Market is all inclusive.

Barter is the process by which valuations are mutually achieved. Whether one takes the price as is or haggles over it, it is still part of the barter process, with or without money. Money facilitates the barter process.

Categorical transactions may use different forms of money, with overlapping of all categories, which allows the Market to make comparative valuations among the various forms of money. All forms of money cannot be perfectly proportioned throughout a society, which creates societal distinctions based on the proportional use of each form of money.

Historically, metals had been established forms of money long before written history. Large transactions used gold, small transactions used copper, and transactions in between used silver, all overlapping in use. The metals are still represented in today’s coinage, though not in substance.



Money Defined




Money - World Book Encyclopedia
Money is anything that is generally accepted by people in exchange for the things they sell or the work they do. Any object or substance that serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of wealth is money. To be convenient, however, money should have several qualities. It should come in pieces of standard value so that it does not have to be weighed or measured every time it is used. It should be easy to carry so that people can carry enough money to buy what they need. Finally, it should divide into units so that people can make small purchases and receive change.

A unit of money is the lowest common denominator for exchange among many persons. Money allows unrelated exchanges of goods and services to be comparatively valued. Something of value is exchanged for an amount of money, and that money is later exchanged for something else of equivalent value with someone else completely unrelated to the first exchange.

Many people using the same form of money allows exchanges with complete strangers, creating a commonality, a culture, a commerce, a society.

A History of Interest Rates by Sidney Homer, Rutgers, 1963
A study of primitive money catalogues some 173 objects and materials which in ancient and modern times have had monetary attributes in one or more places and at one or more times. Those most frequently mentioned include beads, cattle, cloth, copper, gold, grain, iron, rice, salt, shells, silver, skins, slaves and tobacco. 

Commodities, some more than others, have an intrinsic value that is uniform, storable, divisible, and transportable. Cattle sufficed as money for large transactions, but obviously not smaller transactions since cattle are not divisible. However, cattle sufficed so well for larger transactions that the term pecuniary, which means 'related to money,' is derived from the Latin pecuniarius, meaning 'wealth in cattle.' What does and does not qualify to be called ‘money’ is not set in stone.

For discussion purposes, all persons who use the same form of money comprise a ‘society’. The valuation process increases in complexity as the number of different forms of money in coexistence increases, to such a degree that no more than a handful would most likely coexist at the same time within the same society. Which commodity transforms into or out of the category of ‘money’ is a Darwinian selection process determined by the Market.

The mere logistics of gathering, manufacturing and handling each form of money significantly shapes the culture of a society, impacting the way and manner a society interacts. All those who use the same form(s) of money have something in common with each other. Any change in the form of money will impact societal interaction as a whole and individually. When a society changes or alters its form of money, societal changes occur in proportion to the magnitude of the change or alteration.




31 August 2018

Coffee Inequity




Uncommon Grounds by Mark Pendergrast, 1999, Excerpts

The coffee industry has dominated and molded the economy, politics, and social structure of entire countries. On the one hand, its monocultural avatar has led to the oppression and land dispossession on indigenous peoples, the abandoning of subsistence agriculture in favor of exports, over reliance on foreign markets, destruction of the rain forest, and environmental degradation. On the other hand, coffee has provided an essential cash crop for struggling family farmers, the basis for national industrialization and modernization, a model of organic production and fair trade, and a valuable habitat for migratory birds.

Coffee is inextricably bound up in a history of inequity in which the haves took from the have nots. The drink, primarily a stimulant that helps keep the industrialized world alert, is grown in regions that know how to enjoy a siesta. There is no question that coffee laborers have been oppressed in the past; even now they are being murdered by paramilitary groups in Chiapas.

The coffee economy itself is not directly responsible for social unrest and repression; we should not confuse a correlation with a cause. Inequities and frustrations built into the economic system nonetheless exacerbate conflicts. Compared with many other products developed countries demand in cheap quantity, however, coffee is relatively benign. Laboring of banana, sugar, or cotton plantations or sweating in gold and diamond mines and oil refineries is far worse.

The inescapable irony of the coffee industry is that the vast majority of those who perform these repetitive tasks work in the most beautiful places on earth, with tropical volcanic peaks as backdrop in a climate controlled heaven. Most live in abject poverty without plumbing, electricity, medical care, or nutritious foods. The coffee they prepare travels halfway around the world and lands on breakfast tables, offices, and upscale coffee bars of the United States, Europe, Japan, and other developed countries, where cosmopolitan consumers routinely pay half a day’s Third World wages for a good cup of coffee.



26 June 2018

Symbols



Public Opinion by Walter Lippmann, 1921, Excerpts

Symbols are so useful and so mysteriously powerful that the word itself exhales a magical glamour. In thinking about symbols, it is tempting to treat them as if they possessed independent energy. Since the offering of symbols is so generous, and the meaning that can be imputed is so elastic, how does any particular symbol take root in any particular person’s mind? It is planted there by another human being whom we recognize as authoritative. No successful leader has ever been too busy to cultivate the symbols which organize his following. When quick results are imperative, the manipulation of masses through symbols may be the only quick way of having a critical thing done.

Because of its power to siphon emotion out of distinct ideas, the symbol is both a mechanism of solidarity and a mechanism of exploitation. It enables people to work for a common end. So where masses of people must cooperate in an uncertain and eruptive environment, it is usually necessary to secure unity and flexibility without real consent. The symbol does that. It obscures personal intention, neutralizes discrimination, and obfuscates individual purpose. It immobilizes personality, yet at the same time it enormously sharpens the intention of the group and welds that group, as nothing else can weld it, to purposeful action.

He who captures the symbols, by which public feeling is for the moment contained, controls the approaches of public policy. And as long as a particular symbol has the power of coalition, ambitious factions will fight for possession. A leader or an interest that can make itself master of current symbols is master of the current situation. The professional politicians learned this long before democratic philosophers.



22 May 2018

Corrupt Regimes




Imperial Hubris by Michael Scheuer, 2004, Excerpts

The U.S. has allied itself with regimes whose barbarism has long earned the Muslim world’s hatred. The Persian Gulf regimes – especially Saudi Arabia – are among the earth’s most corrupt, dictatorial, and oppressive. They rule peoples eager to be free of their yoke and who think their torturers survive because of U.S. protection. Washington and the West have supported the Muslim tyrannies Islamists seek to destroy. We have nothing in common with the regimes; the tie is based overwhelmingly on the West’s obsession with cheap oil.

Washington’s half-century record of safeguarding tyrannies entirely discredits for Muslims any claim we make of intending to build democracies. The creditability issues that result from America’s proven taste for any Muslim tyrant who maintains internal order and stability, peace with Israel, and low oil prices destroys what little democracy-building potential we may possess.

Few Muslims would oppose the destruction of these apostate governments that are among the planet’s most brutal, repressive, corrupt, and hypocritical, family ruled regimes that have the profits from oil sale to fund their own debauchery and rent the loyalty of their bankers, businessman, and academics.



05 May 2018

Zimbabwe and China




Zimbabwe opposition MDC 'will expel Chinese investors'
02 May 2018
A Zimbabwean opposition leader has vowed to expel Chinese investors if he wins elections due in July. "They are busy asset-stripping the resources of the country," Nelson Chamisa said at a May Day rally in the capital, Harare. China is Zimbabwe's fourth largest trading partner and its largest source of investment.

Africa-China exports fall by 40% after China slowdown
13 Jan 2016
African exports to China fell by almost 40% in 2015, China's customs office says. China is Africa's biggest single trading partner and its demand for African commodities has fueled the continent's recent economic growth. The decline in exports reflects the recent slowdown in China's economy. This has, in turn, put African economies under pressure and in part accounts for the falling value of many African currencies.

China's Xi Jinping in Zimbabwe for talks with Mugabe
01 Dec 2015
China's President Xi Jinping has arrived in Zimbabwe, making him the most prominent global leader in many years to visit the country. The two nations had a "deep and firm" friendship, Mr Xi said in an article in Zimbabwe's state-run Herald newspaper. Zimbabwe's President Robert Mugabe has strongly pursued a "Look East" policy since the West isolated him over his controversial land reform program. China is major investor in Zimbabwe, helping to keep its economy afloat.

Kenya breaks 'Chinese-run cybercrime network'
04 Dec 2014
Kenyan police say they have cracked a cybercrime center run by 77 Chinese nationals from upmarket homes in the capital, Nairobi. Police believe they were involved in hacking and money laundering. The foreign ministry summoned a Chinese diplomat to discuss the arrests. A Chinese official said the embassy was co-operating with investigations. The BBC's Paul Nabiswa in Nairobi says the raids come at a time when many Chinese companies are investing heavily in Kenya, especially in the construction industry. The Kenyan government has signed many bilateral agreements with China and Chinese nationals have roles in government programs, including in higher education institutions, he says.

Zimbabwe economy: Investments plunging, says bank governor
26 Aug 2014
Foreign investment in Zimbabwe more than halved in the first six months of the year, the country's central bank chief John Mangudya has said. The government policy to hand economic control to black Zimbabweans had been misunderstood by investors, he said. Meanwhile, Zimbabwe has signed nine investment deals in China during President Robert Mugabe's visit. They included investment in sectors such as energy, roads, railways, telecommunications, agriculture and tourism - but no figures were given. Zimbabwe does not have its own currency and uses eight others as legal tender, with the US dollar and South African rand most commonly used.

China to build new East Africa railway line
12 May 2014
Formal agreements for plans to build a new railway line in East Africa with Chinese help have been signed in the Kenyan capital, Nairobi. It is to run from Mombasa to Nairobi and will extend eventually to Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan. "This project demonstrates that there is equal co-operation and mutual benefit between China and the East African countries, and the railway is a very important part of transport infrastructure development," said Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang. A subsidiary of China Communications Construction Co has been named as the main contractor. China's Eximbank is to provide 90% of the cost of the first phase put at $3.8bn (£2.3bn) of the line, with Kenya putting up the remaining 10%.

Japan and China criticize each other's Africa policies
10 Jan 2014
China and Japan are criticizing each other's policies in Africa as each country pledges more money for the continent. Japan has suggested China is buying off African leaders with lavish gifts. Meanwhile China accuses Japan of courting African support for a place on the United National Security Council. Japan's leader Shinzo Abe is touring three nations in Africa, the first trip there by a Japanese prime minister for eight years. Mr. Abe is expected to pledge more than $14bn in aid and trade deals during his trip to Ethiopia, Ivory Coast and Mozambique. China has hailed Africa a "golden ground" for foreign investment and has pledged to double its aid to the continent to $20bn a year.

Zambia seizes control of Chinese-owned mine amid safety fears
20 Feb 2013
The Zambian government has taken over the running of a Chinese-owned coalmine after revoking its license because of safety lapses. As well as the safety issues, Mr Mukanga also stated that the company had failed to pay royalties or properly declare how much coal was produced. The mine in question has been controversial. A Zambian miner was charged with the murder of a Chinese supervisor at the Collum mine last year. In 2010, Chinese managers were accused of firing on protesting miners. China has invested more than $2bn in the Zambian mining industry. According to Beijing, China has created 50,000 jobs in Zambia, with trade between the two countries reaching $3.5bn in 2011.

Africa and China: Workers face clash of cultures
24 Dec 2012
China's new leadership has made it clear that it is still committed to developing its interests in Africa. China's embrace of Africa in recent years has boosted trade volumes and foreign investment, and provided new infrastructure. Business links between China and Africa may be cordial and efficient, but it does not mean that friendship and mutual liking necessarily follow in their wake. There have been anti-Chinese sentiments in Zambia over the treatment of African workers in Chinese-run mines and rising hostility to Chinese immigrants in other African states.

China pledges $20bn in credit for Africa at summit
19 Jul 2012
China has pledged $20bn (£12.8bn) in credit for Africa over the next three years, in a push for closer ties and increased trade. President Hu Jintao made the announcement at a summit in Beijing with leaders from 50 African nations. He said the loans would support infrastructure, agriculture and the development of small businesses. Africa is an important source of raw materials to feed China's economic boom and a market for cheap Chinese products, and has benefited from huge infrastructure projects in return.

Zimbabwe trade fair boycotted by India and Russia
27 Apr 2012
India and Russia have boycotted a major international trade fair in Zimbabwe in protest against the country's policy of taking control of foreign companies. Chinese firms, however, have come to the trade fair in Bulawayo in droves. China is the single biggest investor at the trade expo, with Chinese companies taking up 90% of the stands.

South Sudan's Salva Kiir says Sudan has declared war
24 Apr 2012
South Sudan's President Salva Kiir says Sudan has "declared war" on his country, following weeks of fighting along their common border. Kiir was speaking in China as he met Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao in Beijing, which is a major buyer of oil from both countries, but has long been an ally of Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir. China's foreign ministry spokesman Liu Weimin said on Tuesday that oil was "the economic lifeline for both countries". He added: "To maintain the stability and sustainability of the oil cooperation is consistent with the fundamental interests of both countries. It is also consistent with the interests of Chinese enterprises and their partners.”

Khaki Capitalism by Schumpeter, The Economist
03 Dec 2011
Zimbabwe’s army has recently formed joint ventures with Chinese partners in farming and mining.

China Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi in Zimbabwe visit
11 Feb 2011
Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi has arrived in Zimbabwe at the start of a five-nation tour of Africa. He described the country as a "good brother" to China, ahead of an expected meeting with President Robert Mugabe. The China Development Bank has plans to spend $10bn in Zimbabwe's mining, agriculture and infrastructure sectors, according to comments made several weeks ago by Zimbabwe's investment promotion minister. China's ties with Zimbabwe, which go back to pre-independence times, have helped protect Mr. Mugabe's government at the United Nations. The Chinese use of its veto in 2008 was "a landmark diplomatic decision where it basically saved Zimbabwe from punitive sanctions instigated by an irate and sulky former colonial power", the Chinese news agency Xinhua quoted Mr. Mumbengegwi as saying. "So, now this visit will give an opportunity for Zimbabweans to finally thank China for this act," he said.

China 'agrees huge Zimbabwe loan'
30 June 2009
China has agreed to give Zimbabwe a loan of $950m (£573m) to help it revive its battered economy, Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai has said. "We will encourage and facilitate more Chinese companies to seek development in Zimbabwe," Chinese official Zhou Yongkang told state news agency Xinhua.

The Man from Beijing by Henning Mankell, 2010, Excerpts
[Fictional speech to Communist Party gathering regarding Africa]

“Let us travel,” said Wan Ba, “to an entirely different continent, to Africa. In recent years, in order to secure sufficient supplies of raw materials, not lest oil, to meet our needs, we have built up increasingly strong relationships with many African states. We have been generous with loans and gifts, but we do not interfere in the internal politics of these countries. We are neutral; we do business with everybody. As a result, it makes no difference to us if the land we are dealing with is Zimbabwe or Malawi, Sudan or Angola. Just as we reject any kind of foreign interference in our internal affairs and our legal system, we acknowledge that these countries are independent and that we cannot make any demands with regard to the way in which they are run.”

“Now we can see that large areas of land, often very fertile, are lying in waste. Unlike ours, the Dark Continent is sparsely populated. And we have now realized that it offers us at least part of a solution to the circumstances that threaten our own stability. In the deserted plains, in the fertile valleys through which the great African rivers flow, we shall farm the land my moving there millions of our peasants, who, with no doubt at all, will begin to farm land lying fallow. We shall not be getting rid of people; we shall simply be filling a vacuum and everybody will benefit from what comes to pass. There are lands in Africa, especially in the south and southeast, where enormous areas could be populated by the poor people from our own country. We would be making Africa fruitful and at the same time eliminating a threat that faces us.”

Mugabe and China President Hu Jintao

The Dragon’s Gift by Deborah Brautigam, 2009, Excerpt
At the end of December 1982, Chinese premier Zhao Ziyang headed to Africa. He visited eleven countries in a trip that lasted over four weeks. Zhao was greeted like a visiting rock star. Cheering throngs lined the streets of his motorcade In Zimbabwe, five thousand people waiting at the airport to greet the Chinese leader stampeded onto the runway when security officials opened the gate an hour before Zhao was due to arrive. Five women were trampled to death, sixty-four people were injured and scores fainted in the crush.  

05 April 2018

Art of the Deal



Art of the Deal by Donald Trump, 1987, Excerpts

If there’s one thing I’ve learned about the rich, it’s that they have a very low threshold for even the mildest discomfort.

Conrad believed very strongly that inherited wealth destroys moral character and motivation. I happen to agree that it often does.

I’ve never had any great moral problems with gambling because most of the objections seem hypocritical to me. The New York Stock Exchange happens to be the biggest casino in the world. The only thing that makes it different from the average casino is that the players dress in blue pinstripe suits and carry leather briefcases. If you allow people to gamble in the stock market, where more money is made and lost than in all the casinos of the world put together, I see nothing terribly different about permitting people to bet on blackjack or craps or roulette.