Ordinary
Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland by
Christopher R. Browning, 1993, Excerpts
Atrocity by Violence
Soldiers who are
inured to violence, numbed to the taking of human life, embittered over their
own casualties, and frustrated by the tenacity of an insidious and seemingly
inhuman enemy sometimes explode to have their revenge at the first opportunity.
Atrocities of this kind do not represent official government policy. Despite
the hate-filled propaganda of each nation, such atrocities still represent a
breakdown in discipline and the chain of command. They are not “standard
operating procedure.”
War, and especially
race war, leads to brutalization, which leads to atrocity. When deeply embedded
negative racial stereotypes are added to the brutalization inherent in sending
armed men to kill one another on a massive scale, the fragile tissue of war
conventions and rules of combat is even more frequently and viciously broken on
all sides.
Atrocity by Policy
Atrocity fully
expressing official government policy is decidedly “standard operating
procedure.” These are not the spontaneous explosions or cruel revenge of
brutalized men, but the methodically executed policies of government. War is
the most conducive environment in which governments can adopt “atrocity by
policy” and encounter few difficulties in implementing it.
Both kinds of
atrocity occur in the brutalizing context of war, but the men who carry out
“atrocity by policy” are in a different state of mind. They act not out of
frenzy, bitterness, and frustration but with calculation. The men of Reserve
Police Battalion 101, in implementing the systematic Nazi policy of
exterminating European Jewry, belong to the “atrocity by policy” category. The
men of the battalion had not seen battle or encountered a deadly enemy. Most of
them had not fired a shot in anger or ever been fired on, much less lost
comrades fighting at their side. Distancing,
not frenzy and brutalization, is key to the behavior of Reserve Police
Battalion 101. War and negative racial stereotypes were two mutually
reinforcing factors in this distancing.
Reserve Police Battalion 101
House
of Dolls by Ka-tzetnik 135633, 1955, Excerpts
It may very well be
that at home Hentschel has a wife and children; it is possible that he is
careful to go to church every Sunday; perhaps in the circle of his family,
relatives, friends, Hentschel is known as a meek, modest person; is first to
say “hello” to everyone, gets up for a lady on the streetcar. It may be that
until war broke out Hentshcel was employed as a competent, reliable clerk in a
construction company, and every morning, at exactly the same time, his wife
prepared him a ham sandwich for brunch; and every morning, at exactly the same
time, he gave her a good-by peck on the brow before leaving for work. But here,
in Camp Labor Via Joy, Hentschel swims day in, day out in a sea of blood, in an
inferno of human misery for which no language in the world has the idiom.
When Hentschel
flogged – and Hentshcel flogged to death – it was never discernable on his moon
face whether he was doing it out of annoyance, or hatred, or for the sadistic
fun of it. He was like a machine brought here to kill, and kill he does with
exemplary precision. With those very hands he daily crushes young, quivering
girlish lives.