03 November 2025

Puerto Rican Debt in the News



Bad Bunny revealed as Super Bowl half-time show performer
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9wdqrv00k0o
29 Sep 2025
Puerto Rican pop star Bad Bunny will headline next year's Super Bowl half-time show in California. The singer and rapper has topped Spotify's most-streamed artist list in three of the past five years. It comes after the star recently said he is avoiding the US on his current world tour out of concerns that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents might conduct raids on fans at his concerts.

Puerto Rico left in dark by New Year's Eve blackout
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8782rvv5xxo
31 Dec 2024
Puerto Rico was plunged into darkness on New Year's Eve by a nearly island-wide blackout. About 90% of almost 1.5 million customers had no electricity, said Luma Energy, the island's main power distributor. The blackout prompted renewed calls to address the unincorporated US territory's power issues, which have persisted since Hurricane Maria in 2017. Puerto Rico's power grid was strained even before Hurricane Maria devastated the island.

Jennifer Lopez and Shakira sparkle at the Super Bowl
02 Feb 2020
During the show's only moment of political frisson, Emme sang the chorus of Bruce Springsteen's Born In The USA while Lopez draped herself in a Puerto Rican flag, a not-so-subtle dig at the Trump administration's handling of aid for the island after it was devastated by two hurricanes in 2017.


Puerto Ricans protest as anger rises over unused emergency aid
23 Jan 2020
Hundreds protested in Puerto Rico on Thursday in a demonstration reminiscent of those that ousted the island’s former governor last year, as anger grows over emergency aid that until recently sat unused in a warehouse amid ongoing earthquakes. Vázquez came under fire on Saturday after an online blogger posted a live feed of a warehouse in the southern coastal city of Ponce filled with water, cots, baby food and other supplies dating from Hurricane Maria. A group of people broke into the warehouse and began distributing supplies to those affected by the recent quake. More than 4,500 people remain in shelters.

Puerto Rico in state of emergency after most powerful quake in over 100 years
07 Jan 2020
Puerto Rico’s governor, Wanda Vázquez, declared a state of emergency and activated the national guard on Tuesday after a series of earthquakes including one of magnitude 6.4 that was the most powerful to strike the Caribbean island in 102 years. The quakes provoked a power outage across the entire island and cut off drinking water to 300,000 customers. The island has been rocked by a series of quakes – literally hundreds – since 28 December, including 10 of magnitude 4 or greater. Puerto Rico is also working through a bankruptcy process to restructure about $120bn of debt and pension obligations.

Puerto Rico governor resigns after mass protests
25 Jul 2019
Puerto Rico's Governor Ricardo Rosselló has announced his resignation after days of mass street protests in the US territory. He has been at the center of a group text message scandal that has already led two top officials to resign. The leaked messages revealed sexist, profane and homophobic comments. The chat, which contained 880 pages of exchanges between the governor and 11 male allies, was leaked on 13 July and led to days of protests outside the governor's mansion in San Juan. Several of the texts mock victims of Hurricane Maria, which devastated the island in 2017 and may have led to more than 4,000 deaths. In one instance, Mr Rosselló criticized the former Speaker of the New York City Council, Melissa Mark-Viverito, saying people should "beat up that whore".

Police Unleash 'Brutal Attacks' on Austerity Protesters in Storm-Ravaged Puerto Rico
02 May 2018
Police in Puerto Rico deployed tear gas and fired rubber bullets to shut down May Day protests as thousands of people took to the streets of the U.S. territory, which is still battling the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria—and a debt crisis that preceded the storm. Journalist Naomi Klein has written and spoken at length about how the island's current crisis has been used push a "radical corporate agenda." Despite the violence, the mass protests garnered minimal attention from the U.S. corporate media.

Puerto Rico Hit by Island Wide Blackout
18 Apr 2018
In what’s been called the second-largest blackout in history, Puerto Rico lost power entirely on Wednesday — marking the second time the island has suffered a major power failure in less than a week. The blackout comes less than a week after a fallen tree knocked out power for about 870,000 customers.

Explosion cuts power in Puerto Rico
12 Feb 2018
An explosion and fire at a power substation caused a blackout in parts of northern Puerto Rico on Sunday, 400 megawatts of power generation had been lost. The fire was caused by a mechanical failure and impacted sections of San Juan, Trujillo Alto, Guaynabo, Carolina, Caguas, and Juncos.

Puerto Rico Homeowners Brace for Another Disaster: Foreclosures
22 Dec 2017
Lenders to Puerto Rican homeowners have kicked foreclosures into high gear in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, skirting local and federal borrower protections. The foreclosure horrors add to Puerto Rico’s Dickensian experience of late. Close to 35 percent of the island remains without power after Hurricane Maria, with full restoration not expected until May. At least 100,000 people have left the island. Abandoned pets are everywhere. Government services have been slashed or hobbled. Roughly one-third of 425,000 Puerto Rican homeowners have fallen behind on mortgage payments. Foreclosures ravaged Puerto Rico even before Maria, up 130 percent in 2016 relative to a decade before.

Puerto Rico to cancel $300m power deal with Whitefish, Montana company
29 Oct 2017
The head of Puerto Rico’s power company said on Sunday the agency will cancel its $300m contract with Whitefish Energy Holdings, amid increased scrutiny of the tiny Montana company’s role in restoring the island’s power system following Hurricane Maria. Roughly 70% of the island remains without power more than a month after Hurricane Maria struck as a category 4 storm with winds of up to 154mph. Federal committees have been trying to investigate the contract awarded to the small company from the hometown of Donald Trump’s interior secretary, former Montana congressman Ryan Zinke. Whitefish Energy Holdings is based in Whitefish, Montana.

Storms complicate Puerto Rico's debt problems
26 Sep 2017
Puerto Rico's more than $70bn in debt is casting a shadow over recovery efforts, which was badly destroyed by Hurricane Maria. Puerto Rico is facing the collapse of its electricity and communications network as it evacuates flooded families and examines damaged infrastructure. US President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter on Monday night that the island was in "deep trouble". He added that its debts, "sadly, must be dealt with". 

Hurricane Maria, Sep 2017

Puerto Rico files for bankruptcy in last-ditch attempt to sustain public services
05 May 2017
Puerto Rico has filed for a form of bankruptcy in a desperate bid to stave off creditors and maintain essential services to its 3.4 million citizens, nearly half of whom live in poverty. The insolvent US territory owes more than $70bn (£54bn) in public debt. A recession spanning decades – prolonged by the departure of multinational manufacturers, including “big pharma” companies – and the extensive brain drain to the US mainland has left Puerto Rico with arrears worth nearly 70% of its GDP. Unemployment is twice that of the US and millions depend on costly government programs such as Medicaid. On Friday, the Associated Press reported that Puerto Rico was closing 184 public schools in a bid to save millions of dollars.

Puerto Rico Governor Weighs Asking Creditors for More Concessions
27 Jan 2017
Many bond investors have viewed Puerto Rico’s new governor, Ricardo Rosselló, as a likely ally in their fight to get repaid. Now that hope is starting to dwindle. The governor struck a populist tone in a recent public spat with the federal oversight board managing Puerto Rico’s financial rehabilitation. Investors increasingly fear there will be a bankruptcy.

Puerto Rico: Huge blackout after power plant fire
21 Sep 2016
A big fire at a power plant has left 1.5 million people without electricity in the US territory of Puerto Rico. The fire affected two transmission lines and caused the collapse of the electricity system across the island. Puerto Rico's Electric Power Authority has been undergoing restructuring and is seeking funds to update what it says is outdated equipment. The cause of the fire is still unclear. The blackout also caused 15 fires across Puerto Rico as a result of malfunctioning generators.

Puerto Rico to default on $779m debt
01 Jul 2016
Puerto Rico announced on Friday that it would default on $779m (£588m) of debt. Debt payments totaling just over $2bn were due on Friday. US President Barack Obama signed a bill into law on Thursday giving the island access to a debt restructuring process and halting any litigation arising from defaults. As part of the US law, the island's finances will soon come under a US federal oversight board. Puerto Rico has been struggling to make payments on its $70bn debt load.

This Nuyorican Superhero Represents Hope And Solidarity For Puerto Ricans
17 May 2016
Puerto Rico just got a kickass Afro-boricua superhero! Her name is name is La Borinqueña, and she’s on a mission to help the Puerto Rican community unite and fight for social justice. Named after Puerto Rico’s national anthem, La Borinqueña was created by Brooklyn-based artist and writer Edgardo Miranda-Rodriguez in response to the island’s current financial crisis and is intended to be a symbol of hope and solidarity. The cover art for the comic book, due out this fall, features La Borinqueña soaring above fellow Puerto Ricans Sonia Sotomayor, Arturo Schomburg, Lolita Lebron, Felicita Mendez, Hector Lavoe, among others.




Sanders Blasts 'Vulture Capitalists' and Colonialism in Puerto Rico
16 May 2016
Campaigning in Puerto Rico on Monday, Bernie Sanders railed against the "colonial-like relationship" that has allowed Wall Street "vulture capitalists" to profit off the debt-stricken territory's economic crisis. "It is unacceptable to me for the United States government to treat Puerto Rico like a colony during a time when its people are facing the worst fiscal and economic crisis in its history," the presidential hopeful declared in a rousing speech at a packed town hall in San Juan. "What vulture funds on Wall Street are demanding is that Puerto Rico fire teachers, close schools, cut pensions and abolish the minimum wage so that they can reap huge profits off the suffering and misery of the children and the people of Puerto Rico," Sanders said. 

Puerto Rico to default on debt payment after talks fail
02 May 2016
Puerto Rico has halted a $422m debt payment due on Monday after talks to ease the US territory's crisis ended without a deal. Governor Alejandro Garcia Padilla said in a televised speech he had issued an executive order suspending payments. A further debt payment of $1.9bn is due in July.

Puerto Rico misses second major debt payment as economy struggles
05 Jan 2016
Puerto Rico has defaulted for the second time in five months, as the island struggles with massive debt obligations and a flagging economy. Puerto Rico's public utilities are heavily debt-burdened, but are not allowed the bankruptcy rights that their mainland counterparts are afforded. The island has been called the "Greece of the Caribbean”. The flagging economy and uncertainty is driving mass emigration, with an average of about 230 people leaving per day. Unemployment on the island stands at 12.5% and around 45% of people living in poverty. The island faces a bill of around $400m due in February and a much larger $1.9bn bill in July.

Inside the Billion-Dollar Battle for Puerto Rico’s Future
19 Dec 2015
On the surface, it is a battle over whether Puerto Rico should be granted bankruptcy protections, putting at risk tens of billions of dollars from investors around the country. But it is also testing the power of an ascendant class of ultrarich Americans to steer the fate of a territory that is home to more than three million fellow citizens. The investors with a stake in the outcome are some of the wealthiest people in America.

For decades, the island had been borrowing money to pay its bills. Puerto Rico’s bonds were particularly attractive to mutual funds because they were exempt from federal, state and local taxes in all 50 states. But in 2013, after the island’s general obligation bonds were downgraded, they caught the attention of a different sort of investor: hedge funds specializing in distressed assets. These funds began buying up the debt at a steep discount, confident that this was a bet they could not lose. Not only were the bonds guaranteed by the Puerto Rican Constitution, but under a wrinkle of federal law, the island’s public corporations and municipalities — unlike those of the 50 states — do not have bankruptcy as a recourse.  Drawn by the promise of what was a 20 percent return, Mr. Paulson’s firm purchased bonds in March 2014, as did Appaloosa Management, founded by David Tepper; Marathon Asset Management; BlueMountain Capital Management; and Monarch Alternative Capital. Puerto Rico now owes its creditors in excess of $70 billion, as much as a third of it is owed to hedge funds.

Puerto Rico economy: Government defaults on bond payment
04 Aug 2015
Puerto Rico has confirmed that it failed to make a debt payment at the weekend, in the latest sign of the economic crisis in the US territory. The government said it did not have the funds available to pay more than $50m (£32m) due on bonds. Puerto Rico's governor said in June that the island's debts of more than $70bn were unpayable and that its finances needed restructuring. Economists say that Puerto Rico's financial woes run deep and will take years to sort out .


02 November 2025

Puerto Rico Tax Haven


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

You don’t have to relinquish your U.S. citizenship or even technically leave the United States to escape its tax laws, regulations, or the cold Wall Street winters. You just have to move your company’s address to Puerto Rico and enjoy a stunningly low 4 percent corporate tax rate. Any dividends paid by a Puerto Rica-based company to Puerto Rican residents are also tax-free, thanks to a law passed in 2012 called Act 20. The conviction that taxation is a form of theft is not a novel one among men who imagine themselves to be self-made.


 








01 November 2025

Puerto Rican Agronomics


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

As a legacy of the slave plantation economy first established under Spanish rule, much of the island’s agriculture is industrial scale, with many crops grown for export or testing purposes. Roughly 85 percent of the food Puerto Ricans actually eat is imported.

After Hurricane Maria, just as the upheaval revealed the perils of Puerto Rico’s import addicted and highly centralized energy system, it also unmasked the extraordinary vulnerability of its food supply. All over the island, industrial-scale farms growing mono-crops of banana, plantains, papaya, coffee, and corn looked they had been flattened with a scythe.

For 28 years, Organizacion Boricua has been publicly making the case that “agro-ecology” should form the basis of Puerto Rico’s food system, capable of providing adequate, affordable, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food for the entire population. Agro-ecology refers to a combination of traditional farming methods that promotes resilience and protects the biodiversity, a rejection of the pesticides and other toxins, and a commitment to rebuilding social relationships between farmers and local communities.

The group has been warning about the dangers of chokepoints in Puerto Rico’s highly centralized system, with almost all of its food imports shipping out of a single port in Jacksonville, Florida.

 



31 October 2025

Puerto Rico Organizing


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

Precisely because the official response to the hurricane has been so devoid of urgency, Puerto Ricans on the island and in the diaspora have been forced to organize themselves on a stunning scale. With next to no resources, communities have set up massive communal kitchens, raised large sums of money, coordinated and distributed supplies, cleared streets, and rebuilt schools. In some communities, they have even gotten the electricity reconnected with the help of retired electrical workers.

Real-world Puerto Rico is densely habited with living, breathing Puerto Ricans. One result of being forced to save themselves is that many communities have discovered a depth of strength and capacity they did not know they possessed. Now this confidence is rapidly spilling over into the political arena. There may not be rioting in the streets, but that should not be confused with consent.

Puerto Ricans now know, beyond any shadow of a doubt, that there is no government that has their interests at heart, not in the governor’s mansion, not of the unelected fiscal control board, and certainly not in Washington.

 








30 October 2025

Puertopia


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

“Puertopia” is a sweeping vision that sees Puerto Rico transforming itself into a ‘visitor economy,’ one with a radically downsized state and many fewer Puerto Ricans living on the island. In their place would be tens of thousands of high-net-worth individuals from Europe, Asia, and the U.S. mainland, lured to permanently relocate by a cornucopia of tax breaks and the promise of living a five-star resort lifestyle inside fully privatized enclaves, year-round.

Aggressively advanced by Gov. Ricardo Rossello in meetings with bankers, real estate developers, cryptocurrency traders, and the Financial Oversight and Management Board, an unelected seven-member body that exerts ultimate control over Puerto Rico’s economy, Puertopia is being conjured up in the ballrooms of luxury hotels in San Juan and New York City. In February 2018, Gov. Rossello told a business audience in New York that Maria had created a “blank canvas” on which investors could paint their very own dream world.

It even seems to have its own religion: an unruly hodgepodge of Ayn Randian wealth supremacy, philanthrocapitalist noblesse oblige, Burning Man pseudo-spirituality, and half-remembered scenes from watching Avatar while high.

 





Puerto Rico governor resigns after mass protests
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49102274
25 Jul 2019
Puerto Rico's Governor Ricardo Rosselló has announced his resignation after days of mass street protests in the US territory. He has been at the center of a group text message scandal that has already led two top officials to resign. The leaked messages revealed sexist, profane and homophobic comments. The chat, which contained 880 pages of exchanges between the governor and 11 male allies, was leaked on 13 July and led to days of protests outside the governor's mansion in San Juan. Several of the texts mock victims of Hurricane Maria, which devastated the island in 2017 and may have led to more than 4,000 deaths. In one instance, Mr Rosselló criticized the former Speaker of the New York City Council, Melissa Mark-Viverito, saying people should "beat up that whore"

29 October 2025

Puerto Rican Exodus – Post Hurricane Maria 2017


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

Since Hurricane Maria, some 200,000 people have reportedly left the island, many of them with federal help. This exodus was first presented as a temporary emergency measure, but it has since become apparent that the depopulation is intended to be permanent.

Instead of helping people here, providing shelters here, bringing in more generator power to the places that need them, getting the electric system up and running, they’re encouraging people to leave instead. The disappearance of so many people in such a short time operates as a political escape valve. The exodus also conveniently helps to create the “blank canvas” that the governor bragged about to would-be investors.

 




28 October 2025

Puerto Rican Debt


Puerto Rican Series

The Battle for Paradise by Naomi Klein

Before Hurricane Maria, Puerto Ricans were already in a state of shock and severe economic policies were already being applied there. The government had already been whittled down. By early 2017, parts of San Juan looked very much like they had been hit by a hurricane – windows were broken, buildings were boarded up. But it wasn’t high winds that did it, it was debt and austerity.

The island had/has an extreme dependence on imported fuel and food; had/has an unpayable and illegal debt that has been used to impose wave after wave of austerity; and has a 130-year-old colonial relationship with a U.S. government that has always discounted Puerto Rico.

Post-Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico finds itself locked in a battle of utopias. The Puertopians dream of a radical withdrawal from society into their privatized enclaves. The other group’s dreams is grounded in a desire for people to exercise collective sovereignty over their land, energy, food, and water.

At the core of this battle is a very simple question: Who is Puerto Rico for? Is it for Puerto Ricans, or is it for outsiders? And after a collective trauma like Hurricane Maria, who has a right to decide?




27 October 2025

Gag Law 1948


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

On March 9, 1948, J. Edgar Hoover placed the Nationalist Party on the FBI list of organizations working to subvert the US government. The passage of Public Law 53 (the Gag Law) was nearly a word-for-word translation of Section 2 of the Anti-Communist US Smith Act, and it authorized police and FBI to stop anyone on the street and to invade any Puerto Rican home. If the police found a Puerto Rican flag, the residents could all be arrested and jailed.

 



26 October 2025

United States Capitol Shooting - 1954


Puerto Rican Series

Wikipedia

On March 1, 1954, four Puerto Rican nationalists, seeking to promote Puerto Rican independence from the United States, attacked the United States Capitol. They fired 30 rounds from semi-automatic pistols onto the legislative floor from the Ladies' Gallery (a balcony for visitors) of the House of Representatives chamber within the United States Capitol.

The nationalists, identified as Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andres Figueroa Cordero, and Irvin Flores Rodríguez, unfurled a Puerto Rican flag and began shooting at Representatives in the 83rd Congress, who were debating an immigration bill. Five Representatives were wounded, one seriously, but all recovered. The assailants were arrested, tried successively in two federal courts and convicted. All received long consecutive sentences, amounting to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President Jimmy Carter. All four returned to Puerto Rico.


 

25 October 2025

Attempted Assassination of Truman - 1950


Puerto Rican Series

Wikipedia

On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican secessionists Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at the Blair House during the renovation of the White House. Both men were stopped before gaining entry to the house. Torresola mortally wounded White House Police officer Leslie Coffelt, who killed him in return fire. Secret Service agents wounded Collazo. Truman was upstairs in the house and not harmed.

Two days before the assassination attempt, Puerto Rican nationalists had attempted to overthrow the government of Puerto Rico. Uprisings occurred in many towns, including Jayuya, where the one of the would-be assassins was born, and in neighboring Utuado. During the uprising, the U.S. Air Force bombed and strafed both towns, badly damaging them. Collazo was convicted in federal court and sentenced to death, which Truman commuted to life in prison. In 1979, President Jimmy Carter commuted the sentence to the time served and Collazo was released.



24 October 2025

Albizu Returns to Puerto Rico – 1947


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

On December 11, 1947, he boarded the SS Kathryn and returned to Puerto Rico. From the moment Albizu set foot in San Juan, Hoover became obsessed with following and recording his every movement. Thousands of Puerto Ricans and dozens of FBI agents met Albizu at the dock. They packed into San Juan cathedral and followed him in a heaving mass to Sixto Excobar Stadium, where he would address a standing-room only crowd of 14,000. Albizu began his speech: “My name is Pedro Albizu Campos. You are my people. And this is our island.” A roar filled the stadium, For over an hour, he thundered about independence. Every newspaper on the island reported Albizu’s dramatic return.

Juan Emilio Viguie filmed Albizu’s return on the SS Kathryn, the tumultuous crowds, the march down Calle San Augustin, the flags, the motorcades, the speech to 14,000 supporters at Sixto Escobar Stadium. He made a short newsreel of it, Recibermiento a Don Pedro (Reception of Don Pedro).

 


23 October 2025

Albizu Imprisonment – 1937 to1943


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

Albizu was flown to the US penitentiary in Atlanta on June 7, 1937.

He worked in the prison library. One day in the library he encountered an unusual book, published by General Smedley Butler in 1935 – War is a Racket. Butler had been a marine for thirty-three years and was the most decorated marine in US history. He had received sixteen medals, five for heroism, and was one of only nineteen men to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor twice. He retired as major general and, for a brief period, was the highest-ranking commander in the US Marine Corps. Butler’s father had been a US congressman for thirty-one years and had chaired the House of Naval Affairs Committee.

“I helped make Mexico safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys. I helped in the raping of a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interest in 1916. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism.”

War is a Racket confirmed everything Albizu had seen in Puerto Rico. On June 3, 1943, Albizu was released on probation in New York City. He had been in prison for over seven years.



22 October 2025

Ponce Massacre - Photographed and Filmed


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

After it was all over, Puerto Rico’s chief of police, Colonel Orbeta, arrived on the scene. Orbeta called over the El Mundo photographer and several of his men, and the choreographed a series of “live action” photos to show that the police were somehow “returning fire” from the Nationalists who were, at this point, already lying dead in the street. The photos were cynical and obviously staged. One of them appeared on the front page of El Mundo on March 23, 1937, showing Colonel Orbeta and two of his men scanning the rooftops for Nationalist snipers.

 


A newsreel director named Juan Emilio Viguie had heard about a Palm Sunday parade in support of Ablizu Campos. Juan found a perfect camera angle from an abandoned warehouse window that overlooked the parade ground and filmed the entire slaughter. Over the next twenty-five years, Viguie would show his thirteen-minute movie clip to private, very carefully selected audiences. It became the Zapruder film of Puerto Rican history. Those thirteen minutes made clear that, to those from the north, Puerto Ricans were not equals, or citizens, or even fully human. They were animals. And so they could be shot on Palm Sunday like rabid dogs in the street.

Of the fourteen articles that the discussed the massacre in the New York Times in 1937, eleven used the work “riot” to describe the incident. The largest and most authoritative US press organizations merely regurgitated an established narrative that Puerto Ricans had rioted on Palm Sunday and somehow shot, killed, maimed, and wounded themselves. No police officer was fired, demoted, suspended, convicted, jailed, or otherwise punished.


I visited the Ponce Massacre Museum Dec 2016. Fantastic little museum, wandered through the well-thought-out exhibits. At the end of the tour, the museum curator gave a great synopsis of the tragic events of that day. He mentioned that Viguie’s film still hasn’t been released to the public. The film that shows up in searches is an old movie remake.




21 October 2025

The Ponce Massacre – Palm Sunday March 21,1937


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

In support of jailed Campos, the Nationalists had obtained parade permits. The street was full with nearly three hundred men, women, and children in their Sunday best, the men in straw hats and white linen suits, the ladies in flowery print dresses, and children playing all around. It looked like a festive afternoon in the park. The crowd cheered when eighty Cadets of the Republic, twelve Nurses, and a five-piece marching band arrived in support of the Republic of Puerto Rico.

Suddenly, the mayor of Ponce and the police captain jumped into the street and told everyone to go home; the parade was over. The permit had been revoked on the governor’s orders. The governor had also instructed to increase the police presence and prevent the demonstration by whatever means necessary.

Everyone started to march – permit or no permit. Then a shot rang out. Ivan Rodriguez Figueras crumpled like a rag doll, blood spurting from his throat with each dying heartbeat. Panicked screams and curses erupted as people ran in all directions, but they couldn’t escape. Two hundred men with rifles and Tommy guns were stationed all around them. They blocked every route and created a killing zone. They started firing.

A boy was shot on a bicycle. A father tried to shield his dying son and was shot in the back. In a contagion of panic and savagery, the police kept firing. They shot into several corpses again and again. They fired over the corpses. Bullets flew everywhere. The police climbed onto cars and running boards and chased people down the side streets, shooting and clubbing anyone they could find. They shot men, women, and children in the back as they tried to escape.

By the time they finished, nineteen men, one woman, and seven-year-old girl lay dead; over two hundred more were gravely wounded – moaning, crawling, bleeding, and begging for mercy in the street.

 


Ponce Massacre - Pedro Bull

20 October 2025

Female Sterilization 1937


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

In 1927, the US Supreme Court ruled that the state of Virginia could sterilize those it thought unfit, particularly when the mother was “feeble-minded” and “promiscuous.”

Ten years later, US Public Law 136 legalized all sterilization in Puerto Rico, even for “non-medical” reasons. Every year, more than 1000 women walked into the Hospital Municipal de Barceloneta. Each woman would talk to a doctor, fill out a few forms, and be assigned a bed. Two days later she’d walk out with her tiny newborn. She didn’t know, however, that her tubes had been cut and that she would never have another baby. For decades, the doctors in Barceloneta sterilized Puerto Rican women without their knowledge or consent. Over 20,000 women were sterilized in this one town.

This scenario was repeated throughout Puerto Rico until – at its high point – one-third of the women on the island had been sterilized and Puerto Rico had the highest incidence of female sterilization in the world.

 



19 October 2025

Police Chief Riggs Assassinated 1935


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

Police Chief Riggs, stated in several major newspapers that he was ready to wage “war to the death against all Puerto Ricans.” As he returned home, two young men approached him, shot and killed him.

After the assassination of Police Chief Riggs, General Winship unleashed a reign of terror across the island. He hired more Insular Police and instructed them to raid Nationalist homes and offices and to arrest Nationalist throughout the island. Albizu received death threats, he posted a round-the-clock guard and repelled four assaults by police and FBI agents.

Officers with blackjacks, tear gas, rifles, and Thompson submachine guns barricaded entire sections of San Juan. He prohibited all public demonstrations, including speeches at funerals. At his discretion and without notice, Winship would declare martial law in random areas; the police would lay siege to those areas, conduct warrantless searches, break into people’s homes, and prevent other residents form entering or leaving the zone. He established the complete militarization of Puerto Rico with a police state that could control the population.

Campos and six Nationalists were convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the US government. The jury delivered its verdict: ten years’ imprisonment for Campos. Campos was jailed in La Princesa prison in San Juan.

 




18 October 2025

The Rio Piedras Massacre 1935


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

On October 24, 1935, University of Puerto Rico students held a meeting to discuss their relationship with Campos and the Nationalist Party. To insure a “peaceful” gathering, General Winship’s police surrounded the campus in Rio Piedras and stationed themselves on every street corner with carbines, tear gas, and machine guns.

At 10:30 AM, before the meeting started, several police cars intercepted a sedan with four Nationalists inside. Several more police cars pulled up, a squad of officers surrounded the car, and all of them started shooting.

The entire island was outraged. Speaking to 8,000 mourners, Campos accused General Winship and his police chief, Colonel Riggs, of deliberate murder.





17 October 2025

Governor Winship Strike Breaker - January 1934


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans by Nelson Denis, 2015, Excerpts

On January 12, 1934, President Roosevelt appointed General Blanton Winship, a retired army general, as governor of Puerto Rico. General Winship was not sent to Puerto Rico to negotiate. He was sent to crush labor strikes, subdue Nationalists, and kill them if necessary. It didn’t take long before he did just that.

From the moment he arrived, General Winship proceeded to militarize the entire island. He urged the building of a naval air base and created new, vigorous police-training camps. He added hundreds of men to the insular police force, equipping every unit with machine guns, tear gas, and riot gear, and painted their cars a suggestive new color: blood red. The new police uniforms resembled those of WWII military officers. The FBI initiated round-the-clock surveillance of the Nationalist leadership. An additional 115 Insular Police were armed with carbines, submachine guns, and grenades. Nationalists were imprisoned for “incitement to riot” against the United States.

 



16 October 2025

Campos Meets Chief of Police Riggs – January 1934


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

A few days after the speech, Colonel Riggs, the police chief of Puerto Rico, invited Campos to lunch at the El Escambron Beach Club. Campos had already heard about Riggs, the heir to the Riggs National Bank fortune, a Yale-educated gentleman. Throughout Central America the Riggs National Bank was suspected of laundering money for right-wing dictators, bribing entire legislatures, destabilizing populist regimes, and financing military coups disguised as “revolutions” on behalf of the United Fruit Company. Riggs had just come from Nicaragua, where he’d been advising a budding dictator named Anastasio Somoza, who, one month later, on February 21, 1934, would assassinate Augusto Sandino.

Riggs tripled the size of the Insular Police force and armed its officers with grenade launchers, machine guns, carbines, and 12-guage shotguns. In addition, he recruited over a hundred FBI agents to follow Albizu all over the island and infiltrate the Nationalist Party.

On January 18, 1934, one week after his speech, Campos met with Riggs. Riggs offered to donate $150,000 to the Nationalist Party, to ensure that Campos won the Senate seat that year or in 1936, and to make Campos governor of Puerto Rico within ten years. In exchange, Campos would back down and lets Riggs take care of the strike. Campos told him Puerto Rico was not for sale, at least not by him.

In January 1934, the Nationalist Party led an agricultural strike that paralyzed the island’s sugar economy for a full month. Alarmed US corporations and sugar syndicates cabled President Roosevelt that “a state of actual anarchy exists. Towns in state of siege, police impotent, business paralyzed.”


Note: Google 'Police Chief Riggs' and it hits memorials of fallen law enforcement. The man was a brutal tyrant, not to be memorialized.



15 October 2025

Campos – Nationalist Party President - Speech January 1934


Puerto Rican Series

War Against All Puerto Ricans

In 1930, Campos became president of the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico. The Nationalists were dedicated to one overwhelming cause: achieving independence for Puerto Rico as quickly and unconditionally as possible. This included the reclamation of all Puerto Rican lands, the nationalization of all banks, the reinstatement of Spanish as the primary language of public school instruction, and the elimination of tariff payments to the United States.

This platform of unconditional independence became more compelling as the Great Depression swept through Puerto Rico, and hunger gripped the island. As the great Depression deepened, the US banks that controlled Puerto Rico’s sugar plantations cut wages all over the island. Starvation was rampant, and during the last six months of 1933, eighty-five strikes and protests erupted in the tobacco, needlework, and transportation industries. The bitterest conflict, however, was in the cane fields.

On January 11, 1934, Campos, as head of the Nationalists Party, addressed a crowd of 6,000 people. Campos spoke to the people for two hours about their work, their land, and their island. He recited “Puerto Rico, Puerto Pobre,” a poem by Pablo Neruda. El Emparcial ran his entire speech on its front page. When he finished, the crowd of 6,000 applauded for over five minutes and asked him to lead the workers through the bitter sugar cane strike. In a twentieth-century version of David versus Goliath, Campos and the Nationalists were waging a revolution against the most powerful nation in history.




Note: Google his speech, not easy to find, but worth reading once found.

14 October 2025

Cancer Transplanting 1931 - Dr. Cornelius Rhoads



War Against All Puerto Ricans by Nelson Denis, 2015, Excerpts

Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, Harvard Medical School, joined the newly formed Rockefeller Anemia Commission to set up a research laboratory in San Juan Presbyterian Hospital. Shortly after his arrival in San Juan, on the night of November 10, 1931, Rhoads got drunk at a party. He emerged to find his car stripped and the tires flat. When he returned to his lab that night, in a foul mood and still drunk, he scrawled a note to a friend named Fred Stewart, who was a medical researcher in Boston:

I can get a damn fine job here and I am tempted to take it. It would be ideal except for the Puerto Ricans – they are beyond a doubt the dirtiest, laziest, most degenerate and thievish race of men to inhabit this sphere. It makes you sick to inhabit the same island with them. They are even lower than the Italians. What the island needs is not public health work, but a tidal wave or something to totally exterminate the entire population. It might not be livable. I have done my best to further the process of their extermination by killing off eight and transplanting cancer into several more… All physicians take delight in the abuse and torture of the unfortunate subjects.

The letter was discovered and created an uproar. La Democracia and El Mundo published a photograph of Rhoads’s letter. Copies were sent to the governor of Puerto Rico, the League of Nations, the Pan-American Union, the American Civil Liberties Union, newspapers, foreign embassies, and the Vatican. They were offered as evidence of systemic and lethal US racism toward Puerto Ricans.

Rhoads was never indicted and suffered no professional consequences for his actions. During WWII, he was commissioned as a colonel and assigned as chief of medicine in the Chemical Weapons Division of the US Army. It positioned him as a talented biological warrior and created a niche for him in US medical and military circles. In 1949, Rhoads was featured on the cover of the June 27 issue of Time magazine. Puerto Ricans, to their astonishment, realized that exterminating eight Puerto Ricans and transplanting cancer into several more had been an excellent career mover for Rhoads.